Question 1

What is the Ebola virus mortality rate in the 2026 outbreak?

Accepted Answer

Ebola virus disease has a historical case-fatality rate of 25-90% depending on strain, with Bundibugyo ebolavirus — the strain driving the active 2026 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda — historically around 25-40%. Per the WHO Situation Report of 18 May 2026, the outbreak had recorded 528 reported cases (2 lab-confirmed in Uganda, 526 under investigation) and 132 deaths, with 668 contacts identified. No vaccine or monoclonal antibody therapy is currently approved for the Bundibugyo strain, unlike Zaire ebolavirus which has Ervebo and two approved antibody treatments. WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 18 May 2026.

Question 2

What are the first symptoms of Ebola?

Accepted Answer

The first symptoms of Ebola virus disease appear 2-21 days after exposure (typically 8-10 days) and include abrupt high fever (≥38.6°C/101.5°F), intense headache, severe muscle pain, extreme fatigue, sore throat, and loss of appetite. By days 3-7 a gastrointestinal phase follows, with profuse watery diarrhoea (up to 10 L/day in severe cases), vomiting, abdominal pain, and hiccups. In roughly half of severe cases, a haemorrhagic phase develops around days 5-10 — bleeding from injection sites and mucosal surfaces, and a non-itchy rash on the trunk by day 5-7. A person is not contagious until symptoms begin.

Question 3

How does Ebola spread from person to person?

Accepted Answer

Ebola is NOT airborne. Human-to-human transmission requires direct contact with the blood or body fluids (saliva, vomit, urine, feces, breast milk, semen) of a symptomatic or deceased infected person, or with surfaces and objects contaminated by those fluids. Traditional burial practices involving contact with the deceased are a well-documented transmission route, as is nosocomial spread in healthcare settings lacking adequate infection control. The virus can also persist in semen for months after recovery, making sexual transmission possible. Animal-to-human spillover is believed to originate from fruit bats (Pteropodidae) and infected non-human primates.

Question 4

Is there a vaccine or cure for Ebola?

Accepted Answer

For Zaire ebolavirus, yes: Ervebo (rVSV-ZEBOV-GP, Merck) has been FDA/EMA-approved since 2019 and is used in ring vaccination during outbreak response, and two monoclonal antibody therapies — Ebanga (mAb114) and Inmazeb (REGN-EB3) — are FDA-approved and reduce mortality when given early. Sudan ebolavirus vaccine candidates are in advanced trials but not yet WHO-prequalified. Critically, the active 2026 outbreak in the DRC and Uganda is caused by Bundibugyo ebolavirus, for which no vaccine or monoclonal antibody therapy is currently approved — treatment there relies on supportive intensive care (fluids, electrolyte balance, oxygen, blood pressure support).

Question 5

What is Ebola virus disease?

Accepted Answer

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe, often fatal illness caused by viruses of the Ebolavirus genus (family Filoviridae). Six species are known — Zaire, Sudan, Bundibugyo, Taï Forest, Reston, and Bombali ebolavirus — with case-fatality rates historically ranging 25-90% depending on strain and access to care. The natural reservoir is believed to be fruit bats (Pteropodidae); spillover to humans occurs via contact with infected wildlife, then spreads human-to-human through direct contact with blood or body fluids. The active 2026 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda, declared a WHO Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 18 May 2026, is caused by Bundibugyo ebolavirus, for which no vaccine or monoclonal antibody therapy is currently approved.

埃博拉疫情监测(2026)——邦迪布焦型

Geographic spread

Timeline

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