全球疫情追踪

一般情况下不会。绝大多数汉坦病毒种类——包括辛诺柏病毒、普马拉病毒、汉滩病毒和首尔病毒——仅通过与感染啮齿动物及其粪便、尿液和唾液的接触传播。唯一有文献记载的例外是安第斯病毒（ANDV），主要分布在阿根廷和智利。安第斯病毒在密切且长时间接触的情况下（例如同住家属或未做防护的医护人员）曾被记录到有限的人传人现象。MV Hondius 聚集性疫情即由安第斯病毒引起，这也是各国开展国际接触者追踪的原因，尽管人传人本身十分罕见。

Ebola virus disease has a historical case-fatality rate of 25-90% depending on strain, with Bundibugyo ebolavirus — the strain driving the active 2026 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda — historically around 25-40%. Per the WHO Situation Report of 18 May 2026, the outbreak had recorded 528 reported cases (2 lab-confirmed in Uganda, 526 under investigation) and 132 deaths, with 668 contacts identified. No vaccine or monoclonal antibody therapy is currently approved for the Bundibugyo strain, unlike Zaire ebolavirus which has Ervebo and two approved antibody treatments. WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 18 May 2026.

The MV Hondius 2026 cluster is the first documented hantavirus outbreak linked to cruise ship travel, but the ship environment was not itself the source of transmission. Hantavirus does not spread easily from person to person — the source was an index case who had spent four months in Andes virus-endemic areas of Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay before boarding. Andes virus is the only hantavirus strain with documented (but limited) person-to-person transmission, requiring prolonged close contact. WHO and ECDC assessed the risk to the general public from the MV Hondius cluster as 'low' to 'very low'. The episode demonstrates that travelers returning from Andes-endemic South American regions within 8 weeks of symptoms should disclose that travel history to clinicians immediately.

汉坦病毒的潜伏期通常为暴露后 1 至 8 周，大多数病例在接触后 2 至 4 周内出现症状（来源：CDC）。正因潜伏期较长，WHO 才持续主动监测 MV Hondius 的乘客和密切接触者：旅客已于 2026 年 4 月 24 日在圣赫勒拿岛下船，目前散布于 6 个国家，与该聚集性疫情相关的新发病例最晚可能在 2026 年 6 月中旬才会出现。

Hantavirus is diagnosed using a combination of laboratory tests and clinical criteria. The gold standard for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is serology: IgM and IgG ELISA antibody tests that become positive within days of symptom onset. RT-PCR (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) can detect viral RNA in blood during the early febrile phase before antibodies develop, and was used to confirm Andes virus in the MV Hondius cluster cases. Supportive CBC findings include thrombocytopenia (platelets often below 150,000/µL), immunoblasts (activated lymphocytes), hemoconcentration (rising hematocrit), and left-shifted neutrophilia. Chest X-ray and CT show bilateral interstitial infiltrates as HPS progresses to pulmonary edema. Diagnosis typically combines a compatible clinical picture, recent rodent exposure or travel to an endemic area, and confirmatory serology or PCR. Standard influenza or COVID-19 tests will NOT detect hantavirus — physicians must order specific hantavirus serology panels, available through most state and national reference laboratories in the US, EU, Argentina, and Chile.